Mans Effect On The Environment Essay -- essays research papers

Man’s Effect on the Environment 1) SOURCES OF POLLUTION Freshwater Environments : Man pollutes freshwater all over the world in many ways there is much waste and pollution that ends up in rivers. One of the main hazards is called eutrophication, this process becomes enriched with artificial nutrients from fertilisers which run off into the rivers and upset the natural nutrient cycle of the river, lake or pond. The water turns green because of the algae which when they die multifly using up all the oxygen.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Similar consequences occur if raw sewage is pumped into a river. Chemical waste from factories dump their un wanted waste into rivers, lakes or ponds as well. One major component that effects the water wildlife is the insecticide DDT which damages animal tissue and is dangerous to humans , this can be passed along the foodchain. Marine Environments : 80% of the waste which is pumped into the sea each year is produced by dredging, 10% is industrial waste and 10% is sewage. Some of the consiquences due to this are :- presence of toxic substances and the rapid uptake of contaminants by marine organisms to name but a few. Oil spillages either by tankers or offshore ridges cause devistating effects on the local environments. Oil is extremely dense which means it floats on top of the water and can kill fish and birds, ruin beaches but nothing as yet has been invented to deal with this major problem. Dangerous metals such as mercury, arsenic and lead are also dumped into the sea. All of these examples have the ability to kill and damage the environment around it. Agricultural Environments : Unwanted plants or insects are nowadays killed with by herbicides and insecticides, in this case chemical rather than biological are used. Pesticides have the ability to damage the local environment, while herbicides may kill wild flowers as well as weeds and insecticides may kill Kris Charik R10D harmful pests but it can also kill butterflies and moths. Some of these chemicals are even dangerous to humans as well. 2) FIVE MAJOR POLLUTANTS: SULPHUR DIOXIDE   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sulphur Dioxide comes from both car and factory emissions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sulphur Dioxide is a poisonous gas which can kill plants and is the main gas that is involved in Acid Rain. Oil   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Oil can be spil... ...he U.S, Britain, Canada and Russia. It is not as efficient as coal as a fuel because it has a high water and ash content. Wood this is a good Biofuel as it provides 13% of the world’s energy. As wood is used so much in the poorer countries and is insufficiently burnt resources are slowly decreasing in such countries as Africa and Asia. Nowadays there are special trees which can grow more quickly therefore it is possible in the right plants wood can produce substantial amounts of energy. Kris Charik R10D Alcohol can be made during fermentation and can be used in cars as fuel. It’s main advantage is that it is more enviromentaly friendly. It can also be used to make such things as perfumes, lacquer and explosives. 8)POLITICAL INVOLVEMENT : The Government wants more people to do more in the way of giving the poorer waste food and say that we should help them as much as we can. The government has also set up charities which raise money in order to give help to particulary the extremely poor countries by using T.V adverts to raise the money. Oxfam is possibly the most well known charity that helps poor countries, Oxfam however mainly helps such countries as India and Africa.

Chemistry Extended Essay Essay

To investigate the effect of 2-bromo-2-methyl propane concentration and temperature of the system on the rate of reaction of solvolysis of 2-bromo-2-methyl propane in 90% ethyl alcohol Done by: Habib Iscandar Hinn Friend’s Boy’s School June 22, 2007 To investigate the effect of 2-bromo-2-methyl propane concentration and temperature of the system on the rate of reaction of solvolysis of 2-bromo-2-methyl propane in 90% ethyl alcohol Introduction: The major product of the solvolysis of t -butyl chloride in 70 % water – 30 % acetone is t-butyl alcohol, with a small amount of isobutylene being formed as a by product And this is with accordance of first order kinetic and suggests a two step mechanism in which the rate determining step consists of the ionization of t-butyl chloride, and in this mechanism a carbonium ion is formed as inter- mediate and this bonds immediately to near by nucleophile (in this case nucleophile is a neutral molecule) the initial product is t-butyl carbonium ion. â€Å"Note1: if the nucleophile is neutral the product will be charged since the leaving group takes both bonding electrons away with it† So chemists have proposed to general types of mechanism: 1- Nucleophilic substitution Sn1 The ionization step in a Sn1 reaction is endothermic and much slower than the exothermic neutralization of carbonium ion by a nucleophile. And so the rate determining step being the unimolecular ionization of the t-butyl chloride equation 4, and as a result, the overall rate of reaction is not affected by changes in the concentration or kinds of nucleophilic reagents present. â€Å"Note2: the factor which determines the mechanisms employed is typically the nature of the substrate it self and not the particular nucleophile† â€Å"Note3: if the sum of the energy of the product is lower than the energy of the reactant the reaction is exothermic, and if the product have higher energy than the reactant the reaction is endothermic.† 2- Elimination E1 (elimination unimolecular) And because t-butyl chloride acts as a Lewis acid (an electrophile) and combines with a nucleophile to give a substitution product, so the major product of the solvolysis of t-butyl chloride in water-acetone solvent is t-butyl alcohol. (â€Å"Note4†: electrophile: an electron deficient atom, ion or molecule that as affinity for an electron pair, and will bond to a base or nucleophile.) (â€Å"Note5 â€Å": nucleophile: and atom, ion , or molecule that has an electron pair that may be donated in forming covalent bond to an electerophile.) Evaluating the mechanism: The only reactant that is undergoing change in the rate determining step is t-butyl chloride and so such reactions is a unimolecular and follow a first order equation (Sn1, E1). â€Å"This means that the rate of the reaction varies directly with the concentration of t- butyl chloride†. And since nucleophilic only participate in the fast second step, so their relative molar concentrations rather than their nucleiophilities are the primary product – determining factor, and by using nucleophilic solvent like water, so its high concentration will assure that alcohols are the major product, and because water have a high dielectric constant (e=81) so water molecule tend to orient them-selves in such a way as to decrease the electrostatic forces between ions. And an important factor is the salvations which refer to water molecules ability stabilize ions by encasing them in a sheath of weakly bonded solvent molecules: 1- Anions are solvated by hydrogen – bonding, 2- Cations are solvated by nucleophilic sites on water molecule (oxygen). And in this case of t-butyl carbonium ion the nucleophiles form strong covalent bond to carbon and converting the intermediate to a substitution product. The reaction mechanism is a sequential account of each transition state and intermediate in a total reaction, the over all rate of reaction is determined by the transition state of highest energy in the sequence, so the rate determining step is the rate determining step for both the Sn1 and E1 for t – butyl chloride. (â€Å"Note 6†: the water soluble organic solvent acetone is used to keep a reasonable concentration of t-butyl chloride in solution) The balance equation for t-butyl chloride solvolysis in water-acetone solvent is: The effect of concentration on the solvolysis of t-butyl chloride in 70 %water – 30 %acetone solvent. As the reaction proceeds the solution becomes increasingly acidic until all of the t -butyl chloride has reacted and all HCl that can form has formed. So we will monitor the reaction by allowing HCl formed to neutralize a predetermined amount of NaOH. An indicator dye (bromo-phenol blue) will change color when the NaOH has been neutralized, and clocking of the reaction should begin at the instant. So according to kinetic measurements: Rate of reaction = K [t – butyl chloride] Where K is the specific rate constant in S -1 and [t – butyl chloride] is the concentration of t-butyl chloride in M. Our kinetic measurement will depend on the determination of the amount of HCl produced by the reaction, so by monitoring the color change of the acid – base indicator, we will determine the time required for 10% of t-butyl chloride to hydrolyze by having 10 % as much NaOH present as T-butyl chloride. Rate = – d [Rcl] dt ; Where Rcl = -dt [Rcl] = K [Rcl] dt Rearranging, d [Rcl] = -K dt [Rcl] And integrating for t=0 to t=t will give; = Ln [Rcl] t – Ln [Rcl] 0 = – Kt – 2.303 Log [Rcl] 0 = – Kt [Rcl] t 2.303 Log [Rcl] 0 = Kt [Rcl] t Where [Rcl] 0: is the molar concentration at time t = 0 [Rcl] t: is the molar concentration at time t = t Two methods to calculate K 1- since the equation Kt = 2.303 Log [Rcl] 0 [Rcl] t Is an equation of a straight line (y=mx+b) with slope k. and intercept =0, a plot of 2.303 log [Rcl] 0 / [Rcl] t versus t should yield a straight line with slope k. 2- if the solvolysis reaction run to 10% completion Then, [Rcl] = 0.90 [Rcl] 0 Kt = 2.303 Log [Rcl] 0 = 2.303 log (1.11) 0.90 [Rcl] 0 And therefore, K = 0.104 T So by finding the value of K and compensate it in the rate of reaction equation â€Å"Rate = K[Rcl]† where the concentration of Rcl is known we can calculate the value of the rate of reaction and we will see it’s effect on the solvolysis of t – butyl chloride in 70% water – 30 % acetone solution. The effect of temperature on the solvolysis of t -butyl chloride in 70%water – 30%acetone solvent. In nearly every instance an increase in temperature causes an increase in the rate of reaction, â€Å"because the total fraction of all of the t – butyl chloride 1molecules having energies equal to or greater than activation energy (Ea) Corresponds to the shaded portion of the area under the curve increases by increasing the temperature† and by comparing the area for two different temperature, we see that the total fraction of t- butyl chloride molecules with sufficient kinetic energy to undergo reaction increases with increasing temperature and consequently, so does the reaction rate. â€Å"Note7: changing the concentration affects the rate of reaction changing the temperature affects the rate constant as well as the rate.† By finding the values of reaction rate constant K for different concentration of t-butyl chloride and different reaction temperature, we will find the effect of temperature on the solvolysis of t-butyl chloride in water acetone solvent. Quantitatively, K (s-1) is related to Ea and T by the equation K1 = Ae-Ea/RT1 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦1 Ea is the activation energy, in joule / mole. (Jmol-1) A is a proportionality constant, in s-1 R is the gas constant = 8.314 Jmol-1K-1 e is the base of the natural logarithms. T is temperature in Kelvin. This relation ship is known as Arrhenius equation We measure Ea by taking the natural logarithm of eq.1 Ln K = ln A – Ea RT Thus, a plot of ln k versus 1/T gives a straight line whose slope is equal to -Ea/R and whose intercept with coordinate is ln A â€Å"Note8: Ea is the activation energy, a constant characteristic of the reaction† We can calculate the rate constant at some specific temperature if Ea and K at some other temperature are known. For any temp. T1 (known), Ea (known), K1 (known) K1 = A e -Ea/RT1 For any other T2 (known); (K2 unknown) K2 = A e -Ea/RT2 By dividing K1 over K2 K1 = A e -Ea/RT1 K2 A e -Ea/RT2 Taking natural logarithm of both sides, we get Ln K1 = Ea (1/T2 – 1/T1). K2 R Or in common logarithms (base 10 logarithms) gives: Log K1 = Ea (1/T2 – 1/T1) K2 2.303 R And by finding the value of K2 we will be able to find the rate of reaction at T2 and we will find the effect of temperature on the rate of solvolysis of t – butyl chloride in 70 % water – 30 % acetone solution. By finding the values of reaction rate constant K for different concentration of t-butyl chloride and different reaction temperature, we will find the effect of concentration and temperature on the solvolysis of t-butyl chloride in water acetone solvent. Procedure: Part A: the effect of concentration on the rate of solvolysis of t – butyl chloride in 70%water – 30%acetone solvent. a- Experimental procedure: to measure the time necessary for 10 % solvolysis of t – butyl chloride (0.1 M concentration) in 70 % water – 30% acetone solvent at room temperature. A, a, I:- 1- Prepare 500 ml of 0.1 M t- butyl chloride in acetone only and put it in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it #1. 2- Prepare 100 ml of 0.1 M NaOH solutions (in water) and put it in an Erlenmeyer and label it #2. 3- Using a burette take 30 ml of the solution in flask #1 and put it in another Erlenmeyer and label it #3. 4- By a graduated pipette take 3 ml of sodium hydroxide 0.1 M in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it #4. 5- Using a graduated cylinder measure 67 ml of distilled water added to an Erlenmeyer flask #4. 6- Add two drops of Bromo-phenol blue indicator to flask #4. A, a, II:- 1- Add quickly the solution in Erlenmeyer flask #4 to solution in flask #3 and start the stop watch to count for time in seconds. 2- Swirl the mixture and after one or two seconds immediately pour the combined solutions back into Erlenmeyer flask #4 to minimize the errors in the results. 3- The color of the mixed solutions is blue, so continue swirling the solution in Erlenmeyer flask #4 till the instant color of the solution start changing to yellow, then we stop the stopwatch and record the time. 4- Repeat the procedure at least three times and calculate the average. 5- Tabulate the results in record A. b- Experimental procedure: to measure the time necessary for 10 % solvolysis of t – butyl chloride (0.2 M concentration) in 70 % water – 30% acetone solvent at room temperature. A, b, I:- 1- Prepare 500 ml of 0.2 M t- butyl chloride in acetone only and put it in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it #1. 2- Prepare 100 ml of 0.1 M NaOH solutions (in water) and put it in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it #2. 3- Using a burette take 30 ml of the solution in Erlenmeyer flask #1 and put it in another Erlenmeyer flask and label it #3. 4- By a graduated pipette take 3 ml of sodium hydroxide 0.1 M in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it #4. 5- Using a graduated cylinder measure 67 ml of distilled water added to an Erlenmeyer flask #4. 6- Add two drops of bromo-phenol blue indicator to Erlenmeyer flask #4. A, b, II:- 1- Add quickly the solution in an Erlenmeyer flask #4 to solution in flask #3 and start the stop watch to count for time in seconds. 2- Swirl the mixture and after one or two seconds immediately pour the combined solutions back into an Erlenmeyer flask #4 to minimize the errors in the results. 3- The color of the mixed solutions is blue, so continue swirling the solution in Erlenmeyer flask #4 till the instant color of the solution start changing to yellow, then we stop the stopwatch and record the time. 4- Repeat the procedure at least three times and calculate the average. 5- Tabulate the results in record A. Part B: the effect of temperature on the rate of solvolysis of t – butyl chloride in 70%water – 30%acetone solvent. a- Experimental procedure: to measure the time necessary for 10 % solvolysis of t – butyl chloride (0.1 M concentration) in 70 % water – 30% acetone solvent at zero Celsius degree. B, a, I:- 1- Prepare 500 ml of 0.1 M t- butyl chloride in acetone only and put it in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it #1. 2- Prepare 100 ml of 0.1 M NaOH solutions (in water) and put it in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it #2. 3- Using a burette take 30 ml of the solution in Erlenmeyer flask #1and put it in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it #3. 4- By a graduated pipette take 3 ml of sodium hydroxide 0.1 M in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it #4. 5- Using a graduated cylinder measure 67 ml of distilled water added to Erlenmeyer flask #4. 6- Add two drops of bromo-phenol blue indicator to Erlenmeyer flask #4. B, a, II:- 1- Suspend the Erlenmeyer flasks in a water bath full with ice and water, allowing the temperature of the Erlenmeyer flasks and their contents to equilibrate for ten minutes. 2- Adding quickly the solution in Erlenmeyer flask #4 to solution in Erlenmeyer flask #3 and start the stop watch to count for time in seconds. 3- Swirl the mixture and after one or two seconds immediately pour the combined solutions back into Erlenmeyer flask #4 to minimize the errors in the results. 4- The color of the solution after that will become blue, so continue swirling the solution in Erlenmeyer flask #4 till the instant color of the solution start changing to yellow we stop the stop watch and record the time 5- Repeat the procedure at least three times and calculate the average. 6- Tabulate the results in record B. b- Experimental procedure: to measure the time necessary for 10 % solvolysis of t – butyl chloride (0.1 M concentration) in 70 % water – 30% acetone solvent at a temperature greater than room temperature by ten degrees. B, b, I:- 1- Prepare 500 ml of 0.1 M t- butyl chloride in acetone only and put it in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it #1. 2- Prepare 100 ml of 0.1 M NaOH solutions (in water) and put it in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it #2. 3- Using a burette take 30 ml of the solution in Erlenmeyer flask #1 and put it in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it #3. 4- By a graduated pipette put 3 ml of sodium hydroxide 0.1 M in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it #4. 5- Using a graduated cylinder measure 67 ml of distilled water added to Erlenmeyer flask #4. 7- Add two drops of bromo-phenol blue indicator to flask #4. B, b, II:- 1- Suspend the flasks #3 and #4 in a water bath full with ice and water, allowing the temperature of the flasks and their contents to equilibrate for ten minutes.(to reach the temperature of the water bath) 2- Adding quickly the solution in flask #4 to solution in flask #3 and start the stop watch to count for time in seconds. 3- Swirl the mixture and after one or two seconds immediately pour the combined solutions back into flask #4 to minimize the errors in the results. 4- The color of the mixed solutions is blue, so continue swirling the solution in flask #4 till the instant color of the solution start changing to yellow we stop the stopwatch and record the time 5- Repeat the procedure at least three times and calculate the average. 6- Tabulate the results in record B. Record A Run number Temperature Time of 10 % reaction Average time / seconds Record B Run number Temperature Time required for 10% reaction Average time/seconds Average time/ seconds References; * E. Brady, James. E. Humiston, Gerard., General Chemistry Principles and Structure, second edition, SI version, john Willy and sons, Inc. * Brewester, Vaderwerf and McEwen. â€Å"Unitized Experiments in Organic Chemistry†, 3rd Ed. * Streitwieser, Andrew. H. Heathcock, Clayton. Introduction to Organic Chemistry. * H. Reusch, William. An Introduction to Organic Chemistry. * J. Laidler, Keith. Chemical kinetics. 2nd ed. * Search engines that where used: o www.google.com o www.yahoo.com * Goldwhite, Harold. R. Spielman, John. College Chemistry, 1984

Nursing And Patients Aith Diabetes - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 892 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2018/12/18 Category Medicine Essay Type Research paper Level High school Tags: Disease Essay Health Care Essay Did you like this example? Step 1; the chosen topic is Diabetes Step 2 Two patients based medical applications ? · Enhancing inventory control and reducing costs ? · Eliminating errors caused by manual interventions and workarounds What applications would I upload? ? · Record of prescriptions, pharmacy information and medication consumption actions ? · Set of reminders for medications from various time intervals such as hourly, daily, weekly, monthly and yearly ? · Manage medications and assist hospital pharmacy refill with proactive reminders. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Nursing And Patients Aith Diabetes" essay for you Create order Reason as to why I would download these apps Being a patient, I have been advised by my medical doctor about certain apps that I need to have in my Smartphone or computers that will help me review swiftly on the issues affecting my diabetic illness (Gordon, 2005). The main reason as to why they came up with this modern technological compliance is to cut off the health care costs that would be consumed by the medics during the examination process and also save the transport cost of patients and these apps are known to provide the patients with the most recent information about the diseases or rather the illnesses that they suffer from. Step 3; creation of a concept map Information about diabetes Diabetes is a World widely known form of disease that has been caused by excessive consumption of sugary materials or rather meals. It is therefore a group or type of disease that is brought about by the excessive consumption of sugar and specifically the high blood glucose sugar. In conjunction to this consumption, there is the insulin which plays a very great role in the body. [image: G:Downloadimages-3.jpeg] The hormone will provide assistance to the glucose when it is getting into your blood cells and thereby giving it the energy to perform its intended functions in the body. There are two major types of diabetes which is the type 1 and type 2 diabetes (Gordon, 2005). [image: G:Downloadimages.jpeg] The type 1 diabetes is the one when it affects you, the body will not be in a position to make insulin while on the other side the type 2 diabetes is that when consumed, the body will not make or even consume the insulin as well. Guide This is the criteria in which the personnels concerned will make the effort of identifying those individuals who have not been affected by the illness and advising them with appropriateness on the side effects of excessive consumption of sugary food. This education process can be done in all the sectors of the world, be it in governmental sectors, the hospital process or even in the general annual meetings and seminars that we do attend within our societies( Gordon,2005). When the issues are dealt with in time, there is high chance of saving the lives of our fellow human beings. Therefore the creation of awareness should be done globally Communication As a patient who have suffered from diabetes, I would take this chance to highly request our governments and the medical sectors to take the role of communicating to the general public on their health and not only in diabetes but also in any other illness in the world( Gordon,2005). This can be done through the social media which involves through the computers and mobile phones and not forgetting the general public medias such as the Television and the Radios. Step 4 Provider based medical application ? · Enhancement of responsiveness and patient satisfaction ? · Collaboration among the mobile staff in order to deliver better results ? · Improvement on patient care and documentation ? · Streamlining of communication by integrating voice, images and text messages in a single device Step 5 Information As a doctor, there is need to provide the most adequate information regarding diabetes to my patients in order to have an effective and good coexistence with my clients( Gordon,2005) [image: G:Downloadimages-2.jpeg]. Diabetes is a World widely known form of disease that has been cause by excessive consumption of sugary materials or rather meals. There are two major types of diabetes which is the type 1 and type 2 diabetes. [image: G:Downloadimages-1.jpeg] Guide As a doctor, I am entitles to adhere to the doctors Acts and Laws which clearly states the exact rules and regulations that I am supposed to adhere to when dealing with patient( Gordon,2005). This involves very close communication with the patient and getting to understand what he or she is suffering from and offering the most effective medication ever and also good prescription. Reminders As a doctor, I am entitled to providing the most effective reminders of my patients about how they should carry out themselves in accordance to the diseases one is ailing from( Gordon,2005). This is done through constant communication with the patient through mails and invoices to check on the patients progress. Step 6 How the research supports the use of medical applications Through a thorough research that is done on a daily basis, we are in a position to note that there has been great transformation when it comes to the medical sector as we are able to see the use of most modern machinery on the patients according to each illness that one suffers from (Gordon, 2005). We are also able to note that there are enough doctors and nurses to deal; with the illnesses of the patients. Reference Backhed, F; Ley, R.E.; Sonnenburg, J.L.; Peterson, D.A.; Gordon, J.I. (2005). Host-Bacterial Mutualism in the Human Intestine. Science . 307 (5717): 1915–1920.Diabetes: 2005Sci307.1915B .doi :10.1126/science.1104816 .PMID 15790844 .

The Financial Crisis of 2007-2008 - 541 Words

The financial crisis of 2007-2008 had more sounding effects on financial institutions even greater than the crisis brought about by the stocks downfall in the 1990’s. The reason for this is that the financial institutions were at the centre of the whole crisis. And financial institutions being one of the key pillars in a country’s economy, the crisis was bound to have a big effect in US as a whole. So, in order to understand what rely happened, it is wise to go through the paper written by Nicholas Barberis about the whole crisis (Barberis, 2011). The common feeling about the whole crisis according to Nicholas Barberis was that there was a real estate ‘bubble’; for various reasons houses prices had hit a high mark by 2006. Now several theories have been delivered as people try to find an explanation to this. Of the most used explanation, people believe that rise house price labelled real estate a very lucrative business thus investors flooded to banks to as k sublime loans as they were sure returns were very high even to cover the high loan interest (Barberis, 2011). According to Nicholas, the one model that is useful to explaining the behaviour of real estate during that time is the ‘belief based model’. The basis of the model is that people tend to have the mentality that a trend in the past will continue in the future, and thus they end up making big decisions based on that belief. Applying this model, Nicholas explains that home buyers may have seen the risingShow MoreRelatedThe Financial Crisis Of 2007-20081389 Words   |  6 PagesOne of the most devastating aspects of the financial crisis of 2007-2008 to middle-class America was the crash of the housing market. Millions of Americans were affected and faced foreclosures on homes that were purchased with subprime mortgages. The impact of these mortgages varied state to state. Nevada, one of the countries leading tourist destinations, led the market in foreclosure rates and housing appraisal drops. The government s false sense of security in regards to the economy and theRead M ore2007-2008 Financial Crisis1327 Words   |  6 PagesThe Global Financial Crisis of 2007-2008 The Global Financial Crisis 2007-2008 Economists and scholars spend years dissecting financial markets and evaluating the causes of booms and busts. Throughout United States history there have been multiple economic booms that were underestimated and followed by recessions. In the situation of the 2007-2008 global financial crisis many culprits have been identified as causes, such as loose monetary policy, credit booms, deregulation, over complexity,Read MoreThe Financial Crisis Of 2007-2008994 Words   |  4 Pages The subprime financial crisis of 2007-2008 was brought on by much more than unethical traders. It consisted of multiple variables: the deterioration in financial institutions’ balance sheets, asset price decline, increase in interest rates, and an increase in market ambiguity. This in turn led to the worsening of the adverse selection and moral hazard situation in the market, which led to a decline in economic activity, bringing forth the banking crisis. After the banking crisis, an unanticipatedRead MoreThe Financial Crisis Of 2007 / 2008 Essay808 Words   |  4 PagesThe financial crisis of 2007/2008 had a negative impact on the UK economy, resulting in low growth and high level of unemployment while inflation constantly remained above the 2% target. In those extraordinary circumstances focus of monetary policy had to be on growth rather than reaching inflation target, resulting in gradual reduction of the Bank rate from 5.75% in middle of 2007 to its lowest level of 0.5% in the beginning of 2009 (BoE, 2014). 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Evictions and foreclosures overwhelmed the housing market while severed unemployment embraced the labor market (Baily and Elliot, 2009). This global financial crisis was responsible for the decline in the consumers’ wealth, andRead MoreEffects Of The Financial Crisis Of 2007-20081763 Words   |  8 PagesFinancial crisis of 2007-2008 is widely considered to be the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression of 1930s. The origin of this big storm dated back to the high home prices of the United States. After America’s entire investment banking system was attacked, many industries such as auto industry also went bankrupt. Unfortunately, it spread quickly to the whole world, causing huge damages to the global economy. Therefore, my study will focus on the effects of the financial crisis of 2007-2008

What Makes A Person Happy - 1366 Words

What makes a person happy? (Lyubomirsky, 2007) states that happiness is determined 10% by circumstances, 40% intentional activity and 50% genetically inherited. However, there is believed to be many influences on the happiness of an individual. (Pursuit of Happiness, 2017) believe that there are 7 habits of happy people. People who have one of more close friends and people who volunteer or care for others on a consistent basis are believed to be happier. Taking part in an activity that requires you to set goals to achieve such as learning to play an instrument and regular exercise can induce happiness of individuals. Studies have found that having a religion or spiritual belief, discovering your strengths and abilities, having a†¦show more content†¦The participants that were asked to think of 5 things that they felt grateful for were also asked to either once a week or 3 times a week. This experiment found that participants that were asked to think of 5 things they were g rateful for just once a week’s state of wellbeing benefited from a state of wellbeing where are participants who thought of 5 things that they were grateful for 3 times a week did not benefit from a state of well-being at all. This is evidence that positive emotions that lead to acts of kindness have an impact on an individual s happiness to a certain extent. Relationships are another element of Seligman’s theory and humans are social beings so positive relationships with others are important when trying to maintain a happy lifestyle. Humans thrive from love and emotional and physical interactions with other humans. Studies have found that married couples are happier than people who are single, widowed or divorced. (Compton and Hoffman, 2013) The largest study that covered this element of happiness was Inglehart (1990) eurobarometer survey, this study found that 79% of married men and 81% of married women are happy. This study also found that only 65% of divorced men and 66% of divorced women were happy. (Compton and Hoffman, 2013)Another study by Brown and Harris (1978) into the marital status of peopleShow MoreRelatedWhat Makes A Person Happy? Essay1462 Words   |  6 PagesWhat Makes a Person Happy? As a young child, I was showered with gifts and opportunities that I am grateful for today. I had the privilege of living in Germany during elementary school and visiting other countries such as Poland, Italy, France, and many more. I felt I had this luxurious lifestyle and that life was uncomplicated. Life was filled with opportunities and alluring scenes. I remember a visit in Amsterdam with just my mother and brother. 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However, getting a large amount of money is a pursuit for many people, especially the young generation around the world. In the article, â€Å"Get Happy† by Walter Mosley, he states how, â€Å"Happiness is considered by most to be a subset of wealth† (87). Quote above explains how money is the first thingRead MoreThe Path Of Happiness. . â€Å"Folks Are Usually About As Happy1359 Words   |  6 Pages The Path of Happiness â€Å"Folks are usually about as happy as they make their minds up to be†, exclaimed Abraham Lincoln in Goodreads.com. Happiness is defined in many ways that not a single person can give a true definition of. People have been searching the true meaning of happiness, but in reality there are no actual definitions. Happiness is all around, a person just needs to find their path to what makes them truly happy. 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Essays on Social Networking Free Essays

SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES AS IMPORTANT TOOLS TO FOSTER RELATIONSHIPS Main ideas: 1. Social networking sites in schools and universities play an interesting role in order to improve abilities. 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Essays on Social Networking or any similar topic only for you Order Now The advantage of social networking is reconnecting people. 3. Social networking sites offer some useful services to create a good environment among friends and family members. SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES AS IMPORTANT TOOLS TO FOSTER RELATIONSHIPS Nowadays, internet and social networking sites have become in useful tools that allow people around the world to communicate and to spread interesting information. They have been used to support politicians during presidential elections. For this reason I do agree with the fact of considering social networking sites as important tools to foster relationships. In the field of education, these sites are very useful, since students have the opportunity to interact with others by planning and working on school assignments. Teachers on their part also find internet as an interesting tool, using it in their classes realizing that it will be helpful to improve students’ skills and also to foster their relationships and create new ones. On the other hand, it would be important to mention that one of the advantages of these sites is that they give people the chance of reconnecting with friends and family members that have not been in touch with for a long period of time; allowing them to strengthen and build good relationships. Besides that, the social networking sites, offer some services, such as free messaging, photo storage, games among others; that people can use to spend their free time and also to share memorable events with the family and friends. This aspect is very important when looking for a good environment with family members and friends. As a conclusion, it would be relevant to mention that one of the purposes of the social networking sites is to give spaces of interaction to people and also to let them get informed about interesting and updated topics. These two aspects build and foster their relationships with the society through the communication. How to cite Essays on Social Networking, Essay examples

Business Project Management Construction Contract

Question: Discuss about the Business Project Management for Construction Contract? Answer: Introduction Boston's Tunnel Venture or Main Artery, casually known as the "Big Dig", was the best; most confounded, and most definitively jumbled road reach out in American record. Greater than the Hoover Dam, the Alaska Pipeline ventures, and the Panama Canal, and, it was fabricated through the heart of one of the country's most timely spots. Its rundown of creative headway firsts consolidates the internal marine affiliation and the best slurry-divisional application in North America, unmatched ground cold, intensive, significant soil combining undertakings to fortify Boston's earth, the greatest connection stayed association, and the best section ventilation structure on the globe(The Big Dig, 2013). Seen as the best, most jumbled, and really confounded road stretch out in the record of the United States, the Tunnel Venture or Main Artery essentially diminished movement blockage and enhanced versatility in one of The United States soonest and most accumulated noteworthy spots. In addition, it helped improve the earth, and made the foundation for persistent financial advancement(Roadtraffic-technology.com, 2015). Composed and fabricated before government highway necessities were outlined amid the Dwight D. Eisenhowermanagement, the turnpike had constrained changes, a great number of entrances and leaves, passage entryways without consolidating ways, and as the years sanction, had continually expanded vehicle guests that was well past its style potential. Neighborhood entrepreneurs again needed help, and town administration favored a getting back of the beachfront with the town, and close by nationals favored end of the green-painted level raised road, which Greene, Johnson Menino called Boston's "other Natural Monster". M.I.T. experts Bill Reynolds David P. Salvucci envisioned moving the entire interstate underground. Recognized as the best, most befuddled, and really troublesome road meander in the authentic background of the United States, the Tunnel Project widely decreased visitors blockage and redesigned versatility in one of America's soonest and most accumulated basic spots. Moreover, it helped upgrade the earth, and constructed the foundation for advancing money related advancement for Boston and all of New Britain. The Project changed Boston's troublesome six-way raised I-93 with an eight-to-ten road bleeding edge underground road, two new unites over the Charles Stream, postponed I-90 to Boston's Logan Worldwide International plane terminal, and Path 1A, made more than 300 miles of open land and reconnected town center Boston to the beachfront. Right when expecting the CA/T Project started with the organizing of regular impact records in 1982, vehicle authorities couldn't perfectly assess the inconveniences that lay ahead on the long outing to progression and diagrams. They get together recognized government financing and the Venture's key open entryway in April 1987. In September 1991, the improvement started on an Avoid Road through South Boston to take truck visitors off gathering lens and on the third trench to blend Birkenstock Boston Harbor. The foremost vital purpose of investment, the start of the conduit - devoted and known as after football story Ted Williams. Discriminating conclusion was accomplished Jan 13, 2006. Three enormous targets starting were fulfilled in 2003. Contract A contract is a commonplace seeing between two or more events that something ought to be completed. It is a contract enforceable at law. Contract demonstrates the common circumstances, the additional circumstances, the requirements, the sketches; the invoice of amounts, the correspondence of approval, the contract agreement, and such further records as may be particularly consolidated in the correspondence of approval or contract agreement. The comprehension of how the proprietor will pay the star to perform drove, for instance, an anomaly entire or cost notwithstanding trade (Construction Contract, 2009). Type of Contract Two categories of contract are: 1. Cost-based Contracts 2. Priced-based Contracts Factors Influencing the Choice of the Type of Contract The suitability of offering a sufficient motivation for effective viability by the contractors The ability to present changes The settlement of risks The beginning and completion time apportioning of the endeavor "Turnpike Authority" powers and organizations acknowledged of a large number of spilling in top and divider gaps, broad immersing to steel encourages and insulating strategies, and barraged water flow and waste techniques. At $10 thousand understanding, concluded off as a value overwhelmed, was utilized to restore these spilling. Large portions of spilling were a consequence of new navigator and other sub-foremen not able to evacuate rock and other waste before streaming unmistakable. This data were not made open; engineers at MIT (understudies and teachers) performed a few tests and discovered major issues with the canal. Boston Condition Police investigated the workplaces of Total Sectors, the biggest substantial supplier for the underground regions the endeavor, in July 2005. They caught proof that total conveyed substantial that did not meet understanding prerequisites. In 2006, Tom Reilly (he is Boston Attorney General) announced arrangements to appealproject organizations and o thers in light of poor take a shot at the endeavor. More than 200 issues were enrolled by circumstances of Boston because of spilling, value overwhelms, quality concerns, and security offenses. Altogether, circumstances have looked for roughly $100 thousand from the organizations, i.e. $1 for each $141 burned through. Cost The task was taken care of from the Sixties, by the "Massachusetts Turnpike Authority", with the "Interstate's Boston Extension" and the "Big Dig", being monetarily and joined legally with by the lawmaking body as the Urban Road System. Development and outlines was observed by an organization of Parsons Brinckerhoff and Bechtel Organization. Due to the enormous size the venture excessively expensive for any organization to perform alonethe style and development of "Big Dig" was harmed up into a large number of more reduced sub-projects with decently characterized associations between organizations. The qualities of the River Charles crossing had been an asset of significant verbal confrontation all through the style phase of the task. Numerous biological supporters suggested a stream navigating altogether in channels, however, this, alongside 27 different projects, was denied as excessively costly. In conclusion, with a due date developing to start development on an individual venture that could interface the Tobin Bridge to the River Charles crossing, Salvucci overrode the contentions and select a form of the methodology known as "Plan Z". The procedure was respected to be sensibly financially savvy, however, had the weakness of requesting parkway entryways set up as high as 30 m right away near to the River Charles. The town of Arlington protested the obvious effect of the chose River Charles navigating style. It charged to disavow the environmental affirmation of the project and compelled the undertaking to overhaul the crossing stream again. Menn assumed control on the style of the extension. He asked a bolster link in stayed extension which would bring 10 ways of the guests. The method was sanctioned and developmentstarted on Leonard P. Zakim Sand Mountain Funeral Link. The extension connected an unpredictable style and a several of metal and unmistakable was utilized to make this process. Two forked frameworks fortified the remarkable extension and it was connected with the period by wires and supports. The first scaffold was in the country to execute this technique and it is the biggest link stayed extension in the world. In the interim, development progressing of the Tobin Link methodology. When all occasions settled on the I-93 style, development of the Tobin plug. Today it is known as the "City Square Tunnel". It was far along, significantly including in the building cost ofthe United Stateswhich switch the waterway. The Storrow Generate Connector, an accomplice extension to Zakim, from I-93 to Storrow Generate, started holding guests in 1999. The venture was in sympathy toward years. However, it was looked by the rich nationals of the Shining case Mountain group. Be that as it may, it at least was sanctioned on the grounds that it would channel guests constrained for Storrow Generate and town focus Boston far from the mainline road. The Connector in the long run utilized several doors that had been intended for Road 695, permitting the mainline I-93 to bring more guests that would have utilized I-695 under the exceptional Expert Plan. "Big Dig" is moreover famous for expense advances. It's early on approximated expense was 2.56 billion dollars. Reports upgraded in 1992to 7.74 billion dollars, in 1994to 10.4 billion dollars, and, finally, in 2007 to 14.8 billion dollars. The final amount was five timesmore than the novel determine. The uncovered reasons are at the expense increasing included climbing expenses, they fail to evaluate unidentified subsurface conditions, characteristic and minimize expenses, and increased open entryway. The "Big Dig" was determined by Bechtel Brinckerhoff, one of the best and most experienced in workplaces headway and arrangements. Careful characteristic the ability to think studies, risk tests, and other affirmation were carried out before the meander's start. On the other hand, expenses upgraded over all contracts all through the meander's life-cycle paying little respect to gigantic exercises to trade, minimize, or keep up a vital separation from risk and contain costs(Bechtel, 2015). This venture changed Boston's troublesome six-way raised Central Artery (I-93) with an eight-to-ten road best in class underground road, the two new join over the river Charles, increased I-90 to Boston's Logan Worldwide Airport, and Path 1A, made more than 300 miles of open land and reconnected town center Boston to the beachfront. Exactly when getting prepared for this, endeavor started with the orchestrating of common impact records in 1982, vehicle pros couldn't immaculately assess the difficulties that lay ahead of the long trip to progression and arrangements. In April 1987, the chamber recognized government financing and the Project's vital open entryway(Massdot.state.ma.us, 2015). Figure 1: Project Milestone Risk Management The endeavor encountered a few environmental and mechanical advancement challenges. The town focus on which the channels were to be dug was basically dumped, and included a currentBlue Ranger and Red Ranger rail channels and also various funnel joints and utility accumulations that would need to be changed or moved. Channel laborers experienced numerous amazing geographical and authentic constraints, which run from icy waste to basics of concealed houses and a mixed bag of submerged conveys unwinding inside the reused area. The endeavor acquired acknowledgement from condition, association in 1991, in the wake of satisfying concerns, for example, dispatch of poisons by the unearthing and the likelihood of meddling with the homes of a staggering number of mice, making them project the Bostons streets looking for a new land. In 1994, when the government natural removals were given, the method was taken by most accounts 7 years, where climbing costs significantly expanded the project's extraordinary expense reports. Revamping such an occupied range without truly lessening activity stream obliged a mixed bag of cutting edge advancement systems. Since the old hoisted street (which stayed in capacity all through the improvement procedure) casual on arches found all through the particular burrow place, specialists initially used slurry divider strategies to make 120-foot-profound (37 m) substantial surfaces whereupon the street could rest. These unmistakable surfaces likewise steady the sides of the site, keeping away from collapsing amid the continuous exhuming methodology. The multi-path street additionally needed to pass under South Station's 7 train ways, which extended 40 thousand people and four hundred educates every day. To maintain a strategic distance from a few movements of rail accumulations while the burrowing propelled, an uncommonly created port was built to move down the ways and the floors to give permission to the unearthing to occur beneath. Development groups likewise utilized floor cool (an engineered presentation of permafrost) to help fortify around the floor as they unearthed the shaft. This was the greatest burrowing endeavor performed beneath train accumulations anyplace on the planet. Different troubles had current rail channels which were crossing the way of the streetunderground. To create effluent surfaces of these channels, it really was important to burrow inside the channels and to do a construction of a substantialunderground connection to move down the burrows' weight. It is without exasperating rail administration. According to (Gray Larson, 2008), risk is an ambiguous event or condition that, if it happens, has a respectable or terrible effect on attempt destinations. Both in like manner inspect that hazard control is the system to see and handle the effects of woeful activities that could affect unfavorably to meander goals. Toward the end of the day, dealing with danger tends to look at what possibly can happen in the midst of the project execution and what should be done before the project begins. In the same way, (Lewis, 2007), reports that meander threats should be seen, surveyed and assessed to center the essential concerns of activities that need to be brought to adjust to possible risks. Moreover, (Gray Larson, 2008), furthermore demonstrate that productive control of project threat gives the attempt director better control over the future and can vital upgrade conceivable outcomes of attaining to project goals on time, inside the project, and meeting obliged creative execution. In a ny case, in the examination of "Big Dig" project, worth overpowered and routine flooded are indispensable issues that persisted in the midst of the execution period (Salvucci, 2003). For example, "Big Dig" attempt dealt with to be carried out in 1998 at an approximated arrangement of $2.56 billion dollars. Yet, this mega-project all in all finished in 2007 at the expense of $14.8 billion dollars. As shown by(Reilly, 2002), the grouping of the reasons was the climbing expenses from start to finish, ecological and minimization costs, subsurface conditions and increased open entryway. To be more specific, "Big Dig" experienced a blended sack of startling activities, for instance, spilling, arrangement inadequacies, and expenses of deficient execution and usage of lacking materials, criminal pasts and even one loss of life. Appropriately, to adjust to these unforeseen issues, government expected to assemble, move astonishingly to adjust to extended rifle scopes due to the overlooked rec ognition and evaluation of possible threats in the starting stage. Figure 2: Risk Management Process Conclusion Big errands will constantly battle with astounding activities, colossal coordinating points of interest, mechanical detriments, social affair issues, and a puzzled administrative atmosphere. What we have found from the "Big Dig" can help cutting-edge huge assignments. The arrangement found from the "Big Dig" have been the subject of various try control programming condition, ask about, and will be the purpose of various more discourses. Colossal quantities of the arrangement are to a degree self-evident. Big endeavors like Boston's "Big Dig" need:- Feasible Group association and tremendous confirmation on project team Targets, rules and plans set more unequivocally Foreseen expenses indicated being produced season money and, where cloudy, by changes of money instead of individual numbers Potential outcomes genuinely evaluated Joint effort of the distinctive accomplices Supporters to battle for these endeavors Validity and openness all through; general unpleasant information will come as a daze Helpful Project solidification is fundamental to accomplishing Targets must be typical and delineated into contracts all through the project life-cycle to check top quality, protection, saving soundness, and a commitment to assembling worth range and schedule Diligent redesign and sweeping control are both pivotal Doing things as they have reliably been completed does not work for convoluted errands that need tenacious movement and a lifestyle of joint exertion A discriminating occurrence raised assurance inquiries and close piece of the endeavor for the greater part of the mid-year of 2006. In the mid-year 10, 2006, unmistakable roof segments and waste with a weight of 26 bounty and figuring 20 depending on 40 ft. dropped on an auto traveling two-path hammer connecting eastward I-90 to northbound I-93 in Southern Boston. It killedMilena Del Valle, who was an explorer, and was harming life partner, who was driving named Angel Del Valle. Instantly taking after the discriminating roof disappointment, Mitt Romney asked for a full security survey performed by the condition of Illinois mechanical advancement organization of Elstner Affiliates, Inc.,Wiss, Janney, to search for extra territories of danger. Romney said: "We basically can't live in a marking where an endeavor of this race has the capability of hurtful human life, as has as of now been seen". The disappointment and shutting of the channel essentially growled guests in the city. The c reating congested zones are said as prompting the death toll of someone else, cardiovascular failure sufferer who passed away to Boston Medical Centerin two weeks after the failure, when such guests stickcaught his crisis vehicle. On 1st September, 2006, Eastward Street of the fitting trench was opened again to visitors. Taking after examinations and upkeep, Road 90 eastward and westward was revived in right on time Jan 2007. The last bit of the street framework, revived on July 1, 2007, an inhabitant vehicle street connecting Road 93 northward to the Ted Williams Tunnel. In This late spring 10, 2007, after a long research, the board of national transport safety found that glue used is to hold the roof set up.The advancement is not proper for long-lasting haul connection. It was distinguished for the roof disappointment. The adhesive utilized as a part of the set up was intended for transient running, for example, wind or earth tremor bounty, not long haul running, for example, the heaviness of a board. On May 15, 2007,Forces Nails, the makers of the glue, enhanced their item prerequisites to build the security angle for the majority of the stock items kept for utilization of costly programs. Power-Fast Stickys assurance viewpoint was enhanced from 4 to 16. The Del Valle close relatives pronounced on Dec 24, 2007,they had accomplished a concurrence with Energy Nails which would cost close relatives, individuals 6 thousanddollar. In Dec 2008, Energy Nails chose to pay 16 thousand dollar to the province to arrange wrongful death toll expenses. References Bechtel, (2015). Bechtel and Parsons Brinckerhoff Reach Settlement on Big Dig. [online] Available at: https://www.bechtel.com/2008-01-23.html [Accessed 9 Mar. 2015]. Construction Contract. (2009). Types Of Construction Contracts. Gray, C. and Larson, E. (2008). Project management. Boston: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Lewis, J. (2007). Fundamentals of project management. New York: American Management Association. state.ma.us, (2015). The Big Dig - Highway Division. [online] Available at: https://www.massdot.state.ma.us/highway/TheBigDig.aspx [Accessed 9 Mar. 2015]. Reilly, J. (2002). Managing the Costs of Complex, Underground and Infrastructure Projects. Roadtraffic-technology.com, (2015). Boston Big Dig, Central Artery / Tunnel Project, Massachusetts - Road Traffic Technology. [online] Available at: https://www.roadtraffic-technology.com/projects/big_dig/ [Accessed 9 Mar. 2015]. Salvucci, F. (2003). The Big Dig of Boston, Massachusetts: Lessons to Learn. North America: T T. The Big Dig. (201 3). Pioneer Consultants Inc.