Examining the Role of Communication in Public Administration - 2200 Words

Examining the Role of Communication in Public Administration (Essay Sample) Content: Examining the Role of Communication in Public AdministrationStudents NameInstitutional AffiliationExamining the Role of Communication in Public AdministrationCommunication plays a crucial role among and within groups of employees in both public and private organizations. It can facilitate the flow of information, policies, and resources. Given the significance of interaction within the organization, research is required for the exploration of the topic in the way that it relates to both fields of public and private administration. The primary function of any management organ is to oversee the adequate performance of all its entities. The managerial role of the control means a measure of the real performance and a mechanism of comparing it with the set standards taking corrective actions when needs arise. Management aims to ensure the achievement of the objectives of the enterprise is in line with planned and predetermined acts. Communication is a useful tool of socia l control. While the plan is communicated to the subordinates, the performance is gauged and transmitted to the leadership of the organization. Actions of correction are communicated and taken to help the management attain the desired goals. * A Brief Description of the IssueOne-way mode of communication in many organizations accrues from the belief that management entails ordering employees around to get things done in the right manner. Listening involves intellectual engagement and understanding of what employees needs in their workplace CITATION Muk17 \l 1033 (Mukherjia Aroraa, 2017). Moreover, managers must understand that staff members are essential for the smooth running of the organization. Appreciating all talents and skills of various employees increases their efficiency and effectiveness (Temby, Sandall, Cooksey, Hickey, 2016). Communication helps build interactions and relationships between personnel within the organization and in a community outside.Organizations can essentially be termed as results of communication that occurs between people. It signifies more than just transmission of messages in the space between the sender and the intended receiver. Communication is a vital part of human life as they are social beings CITATION Muk17 \l 1033 (Mukherjia Aroraa, 2017). Sometimes it becomes complex, for instance, when a manager needs to resolve a conflict between employees. Such situations call for more wisdom and discretion compared to ordinary circumstances CITATION Muk17 \l 1033 (Mukherjia Aroraa, 2017). They entail engaging in complex processes of negotiation of the rules created.Sometimes getting things done entails exchanging information and favors. Formal orders and messages are utilized for the reinforcement and codification of the decisions that have been reached through informal means (Temby et al., 2016). The function of communication within any organization is to assist in task accomplishment about specific responsibilities and r oles to sell products and services. It facilitates the adoption of changes in organizational and individual activities and creativity. Employees manage to work out tasks by maintaining the regulations and policies of the company together with the set-out procedures that support daily and continuous operations. Organizational communication helps in the development of relationships in which individual messages are directed towards the staff (Temby et al., 2016). Other aspects of morale, fulfillment, satisfaction, and attitude play essential roles in shaping the process. It is critical to the control of operations, planning, and coordination of all the affairs of a company. Communication entails the manner in which organizations present and organize their culture and work environment (Temby et al., 2016). * Importance of Communication for Public ManagersInformation is a crucial aspect for the proper running of the affairs of an organization. It encompasses communication about managemen t policies, change of schedules, adequate organization, satisfaction, and employees dissatisfaction CITATION Muk17 \l 1033 (Mukherjia Aroraa, 2017). Time is the most precious commodity for managers who spend most of their time assimilating and accumulating the necessary information they need to run a company. One of their essential roles is ensuring that data is well filtered and organized. Communication aids in functions like planning enabling the management to secure the information that makes it possible to make all the essential decisions. Colleagues who work in rival organizations can provide the company with the needed skills and knowledge about alternative means of running companies for the realization of the best outcomes (Mukherjia Aroraa, 2017). In the process of taking risks during the implementation of some programs, advice and additional information are necessary for increasing the chances of success. Additionally, public manages seldom have authority over all indiv idual aspects of projects (Temby et al., 2016). They require the assistance of personnel in budgeting processes and in the case to hire someone or transfer money.The quality of the decisions reached by the management depends on the level of communication. Furthermore, the plans and arrangements of the administration need to be relayed to the subordinates in real time. Practical strategies for communication assist in the implementation of policies and procedures of the management. They enable the smooth and efficient operation of any enterprise (Temby et al., 2016). Communication is the only tool that allows management to change and regulate employees actions towards the desired course. The goals of administration can seldom be attained unless there is a harmony of efforts and unity of purpose CITATION Muk17 \l 1033 (Mukherjia Aroraa, 2017). Communicating by exchanging information and ideas assists in creating integration of actions in finding a common purpose. It assists in facili tating coordination and binding people together.Literature ReviewFormal communication entails the downward type of communication incorporating the interaction between the management and the staff. Top-down communication involves all forms of communication subordinates require for instance procedures, job duties, expectations, and feedback. Upward communication is the opposite of downward communication and involves exchanges between subordinates and the management. Besides exploring challenges, the employees face in the company, upward communication tackles procedures, tasks, changes in policies and job-related problems CITATION Muk17 \l 1033 (Mukherjia Aroraa, 2017). Horizontal communication takes place when the managers or staff converse with other employees at their level in the same organization. Coordination of tasks and solving of problems takes place via horizontal communication.Exchanges through undesignated channels between the employees and the managers in the organizatio n make up informal communication. Discussions of social issues and matters of personal interest fall under informal communication. Individuals become comfortable working in an organization when they can share their personal views with other members of staff within their working environment CITATION Muk17 \l 1033 (Mukherjia Aroraa, 2017). In case informal communications are allowed to proceed without limits, it can affect the level of performance of the employees. Employees become distracted from their duties. Informal communication cannot be used in the place of formal communication.Communication may be geared towards a specific company or to a particular department within the company. Moreover, it may as well be directed outside the company or to another department outside the company. Internal communication entails company specific exchanges, for instance, internal reports, evaluation of performance, and job duties. People involved in such businesses include customers, the socie ty, holders of stocks and suppliers. External exchanges entail ordering of supplies, marketing to customers and shipping of the orders. Activities like public relations, marketing, and submission of annual reports are other means via which the company can communicate with the outside world.The interaction between staff and the outside world leads to the generation of emotion, the formation of first impressions and molding of experiences. People interacting with the organization carry experiences with them coloring various perceptions about the organization. The impact they have on the organization influences the kinds of stories they tell about the organization. When considering communication fundamentals within a company the more developed employees interpersonal communication skills are, the better their chances are at effective and efficient communication CITATION Muk17 \l 1033 (Mukherjia Aroraa, 2017). The better employees communicate, the better the experiences the organizati on can provide. In the same breath, organizations need strategic comprehension of the best ways to utilize communication to harness the best performance. Having a firm grip on what works and what does not works is essential because there are many models of past failed communication strategies from which an organization can learn.The connection of staff to databases and electronic equipment of communication storing information is a type of formal communication. Formal networks of communication offer links for the transfer and storage of information via the channels of the organization. Informal channels of communication are called grapevine. They carry casual, social, and personal messages through the organization. Vine represents an informal interpersonal network of communication that is never controlled by the organization. Rumor contains qualities of rapidness, sp...

Swot Analysis Target Marketing - 1194 Words

SWOT analysis of Target: Strengths: Target has a lot of services and product as well as red card which use for 5% save and free freight. Company’s website includes entire store and provide plenty of offers in every week. Many features like ability of verifying if product is in a particular location. For client refreshment providers inside target Coffee house. Though, online strike was a black section in Target’s history, still able to sustain clients even after data violation. They provide give 5% of benefit to local neighborhoods. Weakness: Target customer service- not as delightful as the presentation, low salary with high turnover rate can be a reason of it. Target receives a red dog as a reward instead of a monitory reward. Recent activities have shown little preparedness for prevention against cyber-attacks and fraud activity. In globally, only India has target stores. Opportunities: Target express in testing and collaboration with designing. Shops, artists, enable red credit cards with master credit cards chip and pin to secure payments. Target carry natural and organic brand, besides the company is developing in Canada. Threats: Target’s number one competitor is Wal-Mart, which also competition with general retail stores. Plans to prevent Cyber Attack: Defending organization’s and customers’ details from crime, lack of availability, or details loss is essential in maintaining your ability to provide essential alternatives to organization and customers. As part ofShow MoreRelatedMarketing Plan Soft Drink Company 1st Half1495 Words   |  6 PagesExecutive Summary The following plan is intended to provide a basic marketing communications plan for a fictitious company. The company in question operates in China and produces soft drinks, particularly adult soft drinks. The information in the plan has been sourced from various textbooks and online research including the National Bureau of Statistics China. It has been found that the company should target the market aged 18 to 44, married, living in urban China, and purchasing for personalRead MoreMarketing Communications Plan For A Fictitious Company1253 Words   |  6 PagesThe following plan is intended to provide a basic marketing communications plan for a fictitious company. The company in question operates in China and produces soft drinks, particularly adult soft drinks. The information in the plan has been sourced from various textbooks and online research including the National Bureau of Statistics China. It has been found that the company should target the market aged 18 to 44, married, living in urban China, and purchasing for personal use. In order to addressRead MoreSwot Analysis Of Marketing Planning Procedures1303 Words   |  6 Pages The SWOT Analysis and its Importance in Marketing Planning    Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In order to run a thriving business, you must be very knowledgeable about your customers, operation, competitors and the environment.  When it comes to market planning  many important factors must be taken into consideration. According to the business dictionary market planning is the procedure of examining one or more of prospective marketplacesRead MoreMarketing Plan827 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Marketing Business Environment Marketing Planning: An Overview of Marketing 6 main questions to ask in order to create your marketing plan: 1. Where are we now? (Business Mission, Marketing audit, SWOT analysis) 2. How did we get here? (Business Mission, Marketing audit, SWOT analysis) 3. Where are we heading? (Marketing audit, SWOT Analysis) 4. Where would we like to be? (Marketing objectives) 5. 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And the key conclusion andRead MoreMarketing Plan Structure Acc to Jobber1628 Words   |  7 PagesMarketing Plan Contents Introduction: Using the Marketing Planning Framework 1. Terms of Reference 2. Executive Summary 3. Business Mission 4. External Marketing Audit Macroenvironment The Market Competition 5. Internal Marketing Audit Operating Results Strategic Issues Analysis Marketing Mix Effectiveness Marketing Structures and Systems 6. SWOT Analysis 7. Marketing Objectives Strategic Thrust Strategic Objectives 8. Core Strategy Read MoreIci Dulux Trade1625 Words   |  7 Pagesproducts like Duette, Somarta and Acryli Scumble Glaze so as to target the trade market in United Kingdom. TASK 1 Marketing Audit: â€Å"A marketing audit is a comprehensive, systematic independent and periodic examination of a company’s or business units marketing environment, objectives, strategies and activities, with a view to determine problem areas and opportunities and recommending a plan of action to improve the company’s marketing performance† Read MoreContents. Introduction2. Definition Of Marketing2. Marketing1662 Words   |  7 PagesContents Introduction 2 Definition of Marketing 2 Marketing Concept 2 Production Orientation 2 Sales Orientation 3 Market Orientation 3 Marketing Process 3 Market Analysis 4 Selecting Target market 5 Marketing Mix overview 6 Implementation and Control 7 Strategy Control 8 Difference between Business and consumer Markets (B2B vs. B2C) 9 B2B (business-to-business) marketing 9 B2C (business to consumer) marketing 9 Comparison between HM and Zara 11 How Marketing Mix helps in achieving organisations

The Lamp At Noon By Sinclair Ross - 1643 Words

Consequences of Isolation Socially isolated individuals fundamentally can not function in society as sufficiently as those with rich social lives, lacking the mental requirement of expression, all thoughts and feelings remaining internalized. A morbid study published in the American Journal of Epidemiology (Vol. 109, No. 2, pages 186-204) showed that socially isolated individuals were two to three times more likely to die during the nine year span the study took place over than those who had fellowship from peers. Ellen from the short story The Lamp at Noon is a perfect example of the effect referenced in this study; the weather acts symbolically to show her isolation from the rest of the world, the consequence being the loss of her own†¦show more content†¦Those that continued to work on their farms (Ellen and Paul) had a very hard time getting by, which led to immense mental and physical stress to try and keep things well. Mass famine and poverty broke out, and in general was a horrible time for ma ny in that time. This sets the basis for the short story, having the history of previous arguments being explained throughout the plot. Between the internal conflict of the decision whether or not to leave the farm, the external conflict of the weather ruining the farm, and the external conflict of the disagreement coming from Ellen and Paul’s opinions, a very difficult time was set for the two. The story begins with the lamp being lit, which acts as both a recurring motif and also a symbol for the futility of their attempts to make light of the situation, the lamp hardly doing anything to the â€Å"impenetrable fog† that surrounded them, even at noon. It parallels the couple’s feelings towards the farm, the lamp proving just as ineffective as they were, the lamp attempting to push light through the thick fog, and Paul attempting to grow crops on the landscape, described as a â€Å"desert† by Ellen. The conflict is a man vs. nature conflict, the protagonist being Ellen and Paul, the antagonist being the dust bowl. Both Ellen and Paul face isolation due to this conflict. Ellen’s parents run a shop in the city, and she desperately wants to work there instead, the uselessness of their attempts to work through the storm drivingShow MoreRelatedThe Lamp At Noon By Sinclair Ross1383 Words   |  6 Pagesa story. This is made evident by Sinclair Rossâ₠¬â„¢ ability to effectively utilize the literary devices at his disposal to develop a powerful, efficient short story in â€Å"The Lamp at Noon†. In the story, imagery, dialogue, and the omniscient point of view from which the story is perceived are formidable examples of how literary devices provide a significant role in shaping the plot, conflict and themes for the reader to experience. Sinclair Ross’ â€Å"The Lamp at Noon† effectively showcases the powerRead MoreThe Lamp At Noon By Sinclair Ross1326 Words   |  6 Pagesto be capable of many remarkable feats, there is one force that proves that man is relatively fragile. This force; though not living, is capable of rendering even man utterly weak and powerless. This force is nature. Throughout Sinclair Ross’ short story The Lamp at Noon, the historical context of the Great Depression helps to reinforce the story’s theme that nature is more powerful than man. This is evident through the fact that in the story and in real life; nature caused the Great Depression,Read MoreSymbolism : The Raven, By Edgar Allen Poe2339 Words   |  10 Pageswhich symbolizes loss and death. But very few authors use symbolism as effectively as Sinclair Ross did, in his famous short story â€Å"The Lamp at Noon.† Ross symbolizes objects, and personifies them in a way that they feel like actual cha racters to the reader. She explores symbolism through three key tokens that carry a great importance throughout the story, the atmosphere in which Ellen and Paul live, the lamp, and the wind. These three essential symbols are used to reflect the struggles of coupleRead MoreThe Lamp at Noon722 Words   |  3 PagesMiscommunication in The Lamp at Noon In literature, authors often present characters who come from different backgrounds and fail to communicate. In the short story The Lamp at Noon by Sinclair Ross, a series of events trigger post Paul and Ellen’s argument which leads to a family disaster. Paul and Ellen’s different way of life before their coupling gives them different points of views. This leads to their dispute and resulting in the terrible decision to be made which results in the deathRead MoreThe Lamp At Noon Short Story896 Words   |  4 Pages In his story â€Å"The Lamp at Noon†, Sinclair Ross writes about the great depression and how it effects a couple and their baby as they live through it. The purpose of the story is to display the importance of decisions and how choosing the right one can effect us heavily. Ross does a great job to convey his message by showing us the severe consequences of some decisions. Everyday each of us are faced with decisions that in time produce an outcome that will affect our futures. Paul is one ofRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesargument or an explanation is present. However, if an argument is present, 30 60 If Betsy Ross says, The new flag I designed has red and white stripes with thirteen stars, is she explaining the flag? No, she is just describing it. She is not explaining where the flag came from or what motivated her to make it. She isn’t talking about causes. Nor is she arguing about the flag. However, if Betsy Ross says something a little more elaborate, such as The new flag I designed has red and white

Case Study Analysis of Costco Architecture Evolution

Question: Describe about the Case Study Report for Architecture Evolution at Costco? Answer: Introduction This study focus on the company named as Costco who deals in the retail sector. It mainly targets the high level customers because they are not price conscious as they are ready to pay any amount to gain the best quality possible. Membership coupons are available to the customers who visit regularly and get the additional benefits while shopping of various goods and services (Mari, 2014). The segmented market that is focused by this company is the entire high customers who are generally working households, they do not possess much of time too. Online shopping is the best option for the individuals who are busy in their professional life. Overview of the company Costco Wholesale Corporation is a public company in the retail sector headquartered at United States. The main competitors of Costco Wholesale Corporation are Sams club and also BJs wholesale club. This company has 174000 employees and gets into various policies that help the customers to visit the store once again (Xing, 2013). The services that are rendered by this company are online shopping, Costco travel, connection with Costco, food service as well as business members with Costco. The company mission is to recognize its business activities globally and compete in the global market providing the customer base the products as per their needs and requirements. Primary and secondary target markets The primary target market can be noticed between the age group of 16-35 years. In this primary market, 40 % are studying in colleges so their buying pattern will be different from other age group. This group will be more interested in the purchase of commodities that has the current trends and fashion. So, the company focuses on this customer by providing them vast range of options so that they can select as per their requirements. The secondary target of Costco Wholesale Corporation ranges between the age group of 36 to 50 years that are aged in the sense they have become parents at this time. So this group not only is interested in quality but also they are price sensitive. These customers are mostly not brand loyal as because they gets attracted to any product which are best at low prices. College students can be easily targeted by Costco because they have an edge towards technology and to remain updated with the products and services. Advertisements and promotional activities conducted by Costco can make these college goers interested in the offerings and discounting pattern. With the increase in the E commerce business, anyone who has internet access go for online shopping as because wide range of products are available and it is time saver. We do not have to visit all the offline stores in order to get any product, rather with the help of payment mode; we can either pay by debit card or cash on delivery. By ordering online, the products will be brought to us in our hands without us doing any extra efforts. Costco provides online services to its customer base where they can check on prices and can easily compare with all the other alternatives available. The target customer of Costco is generally different from other discounters that mean small businesses and high income households. The steps in the target market are as follows: Figure: Shopping as per category Target group Costco mainly targets the high income customer because of the unique discount factor that is offered to its customer base. This company makes ways to target the college educated households that is different than any of the other business models. In any case, it has been noticed that low income group fails to shop at Costco because of expensive items present in the shop (Courtemanche Carden, 2014). The company analyzed that high end customers are willing to pay any amount of money looking at the quality as well as that matches up with their status. Basically, this people purchases items that is related to status symbol items (Barnes, 2013). It aims at satisfying the needs and requirements of the high class customers and provide them with positive environment on all the stuff that are required keeping in mind the changing trends and fashion. Several research have found that feedback mostly come from East and west cost of the investment bankers that directly means they are more likely consuming the products and services (Ross, 2015). More emphasis is given to the membership customers who spent a lot of money in getting the membership card that help Costco to know their needs as well as easy to follow up the customers as all the details will be mentioned for future reference (Bauner Wang, 2014). Market position Costcos share has shown an increase of 1.4 percent due to its special dividend policy given to its high customer base (Hutt, Speh, 2012). Another strategy that this company is launching so as to check on the market share, by keeping the price low so that the products can be affordable by all classes of people. The supermarket tries to keep variety of items related to households, fashion, footwear so that large range of customers can avail the services as per their requirements. Membership customers get additional benefits with Costco because they get discounted offers and variety of products that are start from hot dog to diamond rings. So, the customers can visit the store to avail the best of the services at affordable price (Lyon, 2014). The net income of Costco has increased to $547 million from the last year, a benefit on tax is provided in way of special cash dividend up to $1.10 that helped in overall growth of the business enterprise. As far as gasoline is concerned, Costco proves to be the best dealer as compared to its competitors because it offers at low at price. Customers have the facility to get discount coupons for their purchase in the value chain, later they can even redeem the coupons for future purpose that serves as an added advantage (Darroch, 2014). Figure: Market share of Costco and its competitors (Source: Hollensen, 2015). From the above pie chart, it is easier to understand that the market share is dominated by Wal-Mart; the next position is taken by Costco Wholesale Corporation whose share is 17.50%. In the recent past, Costco has increased in the customer base and has make ways to become one of the best in the retail industry. It aims at providing wide range of products so that customers can get all their requirements under one roof. The various membership coupons are beneficial for the customers to shop for their weekly requirements because deduction in the main amount can help them to save a lot of money. Conclusion At the end of the study, it is noticed that Costco mainly targets the high level customers for the sale of its products and services. These customers believe in quality of the products as well as the product that can match up with their status. After Wal-Mart, Costco is the leader in the market share in the supermarket as it provides a range of products to its customer base starting from a stationary to high expensive items like, gold, diamond, platinum, etc. Costco Wholesale Corporation should start targeting even low level customers so as to meet the demands of all class of people. Reference List Barnes, J. M. (2013).Case Study Report: Architecture Evolution at Costco. Tech. Rep. Bauner, C., Wang, E. (2014). Strategic Retailer Reactions to Wholesale Club Market Presence. Courtemanche, C., Carden, A. (2014). Competing with Costco and Sam's Club: warehouse club entry and grocery prices.Southern Economic Journal,80(3), 565-585. Darroch, J. (2014).Why Marketing to Women Doesn't Work: Using Market Segmentation to Understand Consumer Needs. Palgrave Macmillan. Hollensen, S. (2015).Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Hutt, M., Speh, T. (2012).Business marketing management: B2B. Cengage Learning. Lyon, S. (2014). Fair Trade Towns USA: growing the market within a diverse economy.Journal of Political Ecology,21, 145-160. Mari, A. (2014). THE INFLUENCE OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOR ON THE SEGMENTATION OF RETAIL SALES OF CONSUMER GOODS.Zbornik radova Ekonomskog fakulteta u Isto nom Sarajevu, (9), 71-82. Ross, D. F. (2015). Crafting Business and Supply Chain Strategies. InDistribution Planning and Control(pp. 83-140). Springer US. Xing, J. (2013). Market Research about customer segmentation.

Tinker V Des Moines free essay sample

Tinker v. Des Moines Independent School District Constitutional issue: â€Å"Is symbolic speech by public school students protected under the First Amendment? † Parties involved: John F. Tinker and Mary Beth Tinker, minors, by their father and next friend, Leonard Tinker and Christopher Eckhardt, minor, by his father and next friend, William Eckhardt v. The Des Moines Independent Community School District Legal background: The parents of the Tinker and Eckardt with the help of the ACLU filed suit in U.S. District Court. The Court upheld the decision of the Des Moines school board and a tie vote in the U. S. Court of Appeals for the 8th Circuit forcing the Tinkers and Eckhardts to appeal to the Supreme Court directly. Summary: John F. Tinker, his younger sister Mary Beth Tinker and their friend Christopher Eckhardt all word black armbands to their schools in protest of the Vietnam War. the principals of the school issued a policy banning the wearing of the armbands and threatening suspension. We will write a custom essay sample on Tinker V Des Moines or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page All 3 students decided to go against the policy and continue wearing their armbands leading to their suspensions. Controversy/Political consequence: The case revealed that Students do not lose their constitutional rights when they walk into a school building or partake in the education system. Although there were limitations to those rights. Ruling: The Justices ruled 7-2 against the school district. Majority: The majority opinion which was delivered by Justice Abe Fortas stated that schools would have to shows constitutionally valid reasons to limit or regulate speech in the classroom. And that the school was allowed to forbid actions that would directly interfere with education. They held that students do not shed their rights when they enter the classroom. Dissent: Justices Hugo Black and John M. Harlan II both felt that â€Å"symbolic† free speech was not protected by the constitution and felt that the 1st amendment did not allow for speeches and demonstrations to be held anywhere at any time and that the Tinker’s were in fact being disruptive. Opinion: I agree with the majority on this one, we as students do not lose our rights when we enter the school and we should be allowed to demonstrate within the school as per our first amendment right. The school system does not have the authority to dictate our rights. Legacy: Several Supreme Court cases have used the â€Å"Tinker test† to decide whether or not the first amendment has been used disruptively, including Bethel School District v. Fraser, and Frederick v. Morse.

Web Presence Creation

Web Presence Creation Introduction To drive the position about the relevance of a web presence home let us consider purchases of vehicles in the US prior to 1995 (Schneider, 2009). During this era the process of buying a car was often snared by aggressive sales personnel with ‘no haggling’ policies taking the pole position.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Web Presence Creation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The result was many buyers of vehicles often left dealerships feeling confused, worried or even cheated after a transaction (Schneider, 2009). However, this would soon change with the establishment of an online vehicle purchase company known as Autobytel in 1995 (Schneider, 2009). Through effective use of an online presence dealers were able to reduce prices by reducing selling costs thus resulting in increased sales volumes. The web site required would be buyers to register and offer some form of description of the vehi cle to be purchased. Following the success for such ventures it is reported that as of 2009 over 90% of buyers do some form of online research prior to buying a vehicle (Schneider, 2009). Electronic commerce has registered a continuous and rapid growth in numbers until the year 2000. This plunge affected the industry for a period of almost three years and in 2003 the e-commerce industry began to show new signs of life. Along this line there has been an increase in electronic fund transfer mechanisms that have greatly eased the procedure of online commerce. In this report the online web presence suggested will fall in the B2C category (Schneider, 2009). This category forms the bulk on online commercial entities as it replaces the role of business to customer oriented commerce. The report will provide detail on the choices made in the creation and establishment of the web site.Advertising Looking for essay on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is hoped that through the online presence gained by inclusion of a website the business can increase sales volumes and address customer needs to an improved extent. In the next stage the discussion will begin by focusing on the central node. Central Node To begin with the web presence has to lie upon a central node. To gain a better understanding of the term central node let the discussion describe peer to peer (P2P) networking (Shen, Yu, Bufford Mursalin 2010). Bit torrent is used for content distribution and there is no central node on the system. This is because the data is stored on various interconnected computers. In this case the central node is a tracker that keeps data on which computer contains what data and how to find the shortest path to complete a transfer of data. The central node in this case keeps a list of all peers and paths to the data required. However for our purpose the central node would best be a server used as a central storag e point for all the data pertaining to the website (Helmy 2006). This node will require that the user uses some form of authentication to gain access to the information stored on the server (Helmy 2006). This is also the procedure to follow when updating or adding any additional pages or data to the website. All other nodes are connected to this computer through a mesh. The requirement to maintain authentication and authorization of all mesh nodes by this node suggests the server will be quite powerful to allow all these operations are performed on time and in an accurate fashion (Helmy 2006). This topology has one major inconvenience in that adding a single computer forces the addition of cabling right from the central node to the computer (Bangia 2005).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Web Presence Creation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In such a situation the associated costs of cabling are reasonably high. One advantage of recent technology that can be effective in management of the topology is the use of Wi-Fi and broadcast transmissions. This allows for fast and cheap addition of nodes on the network. About Page This is the page the visitors to the website will encounter first when they visit the website (Kernek 2005). The address of this page is ‘www.yourdomain.com’ in this case it will offer some information on how to become an effective radio presenter. Internet radio has gained a lot of popularity and the use of file formats such as MP3 has greatly eased the task of providing listeners a good variety of music and presentation (Kernek 2005). This concept was thought to be ideal given that radio allows the host to move the listener away from the self into the host’s mind. Other than this is the fact that unlike normal radio, internet radio is cheap and is available anywhere there is a suitable connection to the internet (Kernek 2005). For these reasons an internet radio presenter was seen as an appropriate choice for future efforts. Exegesis As it has been mentioned in the previous section the major advantage that internet radio offers is based on cost. The setting up of an alternative radio station will require purchase of expensive equipment for transmission and operation (Kernek 2005). This can be accomplished much more easily with the internet as the transmission is free as long as a suitable connection exists. This further suggests it is suitable for start up where initial capital may be an issue. Also by use of interesting combinations of songs the presenter can teach listeners a great deal about the outside world experiences (Heberlein 2002). An example of this is the amount of information Karl Haas has taught people in relation to classical music.Advertising Looking for essay on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Through the use of a good host and presentation songs can be merged to create stories. It is reported a good host can say a lot without uttering a single word. This position was made clear by the $60 million raised by Real Networks in early 2004 for the left wing alternative to right wing radio programs is proof of the efficacy of internet radio (Lee 2005). Some stations have taken advantage of the internet radio and command a reported 40% listening across the whole of the USA (Lee 2005). In addition to the above advantages of internet radio it has been reported that a good host is one capable of satisfying listener’s curiosity (Geller 2007). The listener relies on a good investigative and conclusive discussion on pertinent issues. As an individual the author finds such work very enjoyable and feels capable of meeting the task requirements given some time. Contributing Nodes Having covered all the essential material it is crucial to consider useful links that may add value to the web site / presence (Gearon 2010). It is reported that useful links to other sites with valuable information demonstrates a willingness to share and extended knowledge of the industry (Masterson Pickton 2010). This also is known to be a good technique for improving ones search engine ranking. The higher this ranking the more visitors the web site is likely to attract. A good example of a contributing node is a link to a station that offers an alternative approach to the questions being debated. Once again the example of the right and left wing radio stations is a good example to use as a guideline (Martel-Lawson 2004). Listening to what the competition is saying is a good technique to ensure that the station remains refreshing and relevant to the listeners (Martel – Lawson 2004). Another popular way to provide useful contributing material is to provide links to product affiliates and sponsors. In addition to that another popular technique is the use of complimentary ser vices that allows users to feel a part of the experience. It is not uncommon to see listeners win or receive various complimentary gifts from the stations. These are the result of the creator having done some groundwork and can go a long way in assisting listeners (Cherry Jacob 2005). Care should also be taken to consider links in the context of the listeners (Neuman 2007). Some links can even be used to generate revenue as is the case with Google ad sense. References Bangia, R. (2005). Internet and Web Design. New Delhi: Firewall Media. Cherry B., Jacob, S. R. (2005). Contemporary Nursing: issues, trends and management. St Louis: Elsevier Mosby. Gearon, L. (2010). Learning to Teach Citizenship in the secondary School. Oxon: Routledge. Geller, V. (2007). Creating Powerful Radio: getting, keeping and growing audiences: news talk information and personality. Oxford: Elsevier. Heberlein, L. A. (2002). The Rough Guide to Internet Radio. London: Rough Guides Ltd. Helmy, A. (2006). Auto nomic Management of Mobile Multimedia Services: 9th IFIP/IEEE. Germany: International Federation for Information Processing. Kernek, A. (2005). Put Your Business Online. USA: Al Kernek. Lee, E. (2005). How internet Radio can change the World. Lincoln, NE: iUniverse Books. Martel-Lawson, H. (2004). 200 Marketing Ideas for your website. Karrinyup, Australia: Marketing Cues. Masterson, R., Pickton, D. (2010). Marketing: An Introduction. London: SAGE publications Ltd. Neuman, J. (2007). The Complete Internet Marketer. Australia: With a Cue Press. Schneider, G. (2009). Electronic Commerce 8e. Boston, Course Technology, Cengage learning. Shen, X., Yu, H., Buford, J., Mursalin Akon. (2010). Handbook of Peer to Peer Networking. New York: Springer.

Challenges of Mixing Methods and Methodologies

Inventory flow management is considered as one of the most critical and costly aspect of supply chain management. The companies are rigorously trying to balance the cost of inventory so that it is able to fulfill customer requirements. Storing to many stocks increases the cost of warehouses and attaches with the capital further it also causes loss to vendors if in any case there is a drop in demand. When there is very less or no inside available in the inventory upstream, downstream retailers, manufacturers and distributors cannot give commitment for huge orders with guaranty apart from that these people will also not be able to deliver proper forecast. Inventory management is usually considered as a very dynamic and flexible system which is very sensitive towards parameters of cost and it is been developing throughout years. It is also termed parlance management because supply chain managements deals with material flow control from the raw materials suppliers at one end and delivery of finished goods to the consumers at the other end. The most of these techniques are usually dependent of scientific principles further it's based on mathematical and theories of probability. The inventory management is responsible for various activities like marketing, purchasing, production and other techniques so that it can balance the conflicting tools (Bhasin , 2016) This system is responsible to provide knowledge to manage the flow of materials in an efficient manner, utilize people and equipment effectively and coordinate internal activities. The well managed inventory flow management demonstrates that the customers receive the goods efficiently in proper time. It further allows the members of the team to match the inventory with consumer's demand .Apart from that it is mandatory to meet the objectives of the system including capacity, profitability and productivity. There is some of the basic inventory terms listed:-Cycle stock-It is the basic amount of material required in order to meet the demands of the customer. Transit Stock-It is the reroute among the locations which carry the stock. Speculative Stock-It is basically the extra amount of raw materials required to meet the high consumer needs. It is different than normal short term demand. Safety Stock- It is the extra amount of stock in excess of the cycle stock which is usually maintaine d to compensate the uncertainties of the growing demand and substitution.It can also be expressed through a fixed amount (Coca Cola Journey , 2017) The inventory stock management has a good match with demand and supply further replenishing the requirement of inventory. Various operations such as transporting, manufacturing and warehousing; all these are responsible to generate imbalances in the system which finally gives rise to inventory management especially in FMCG industries. Errors in predicting the consumer demand generally impact the production of the product been produced in the plant. Apart from that changes related to promotional and seasonal impact the consumer demand for any particular product. Hence in these case shortages of the inventory further generate imbalances in the entire system. For eg:- shortage of labor, shortage of transportation.raw materials shortage and capacity of manufacturing constraints ; these all are generally responsible for inventory shortage and the company in such cases is unable to meet demands of the customers (Cahan, 2003) One of the most important parameter of shortage of inventory is scheduling. There are basically three kinds of scheduling problems in the FMCG industries:-First the schedule can be inadequate, second the schedule is not carried out in a proper manner and third the schedule can be disturbed by unexpected scenarios such as bad conditions of weather or breaking of equipments. The efficient inventory management will be trading off the conflicts of operations and constraints of inventory so that it can aim for an effective compromise that maintains enough inventories to meet customer demand yet covers variation in the forecast (Floyd & Fowler, 2009) Inventory is very crucial and it very much mandatory but there are other expenditures associated with the same; and the expenditures increases with the increase in levels of inventory generally when indirect and direct cost is indulged. The bigger the inventory, the higher is the possibility of loss by damage, obsolescence, aging and theft. A bigger inventory can result into inefficient handling. It is always recommended to spend ample amount of time in re-warehousing, double handling and stock rotating through man-hours which may have be crucial for some other task. It is very common factor in FMCG industries to carry manufacturing cost of 25% out of the total amount of funds allocated for inventories. Sometimes the expenditure allocated for inventories can be used elsewhere according to the latest requirement of the industry. Thus it is important for the operations to carry out enough inventories so that it can be always updated with its stock so that shortage scenarios can be avoi ded (Green, 2011) The principle of inventory management states that the industrial plant has good amount of production flexibility and capacity and enough area for storage. The basic quantity required for scheduling and planning the receipt of ingredients, raw materials and supplies packaging must be taken into consideration when estimating and calculating finished product requirement, certain patterns of demand , seasonal swings and activities related to promotional might need pre production specific SKU's in order to avoid capacity of production at bottlenecks. But whenever there is pre production of goods there might be less capacity of storage in the production area. In these scenarios there is a shifting of inventory to the distributing centers based on estimated demands. One needs to note that if the required facility has much capacity of constraints or an unbalanced infrastructure then it's mandatory for the team of management to modify the basic inventory process principle (Helfat & Martin, 20 14) The FMCG industries basically need to be proactive in nature for product recall. The earlier model of business required traceability from individual stores to distribution centers. The recent survey conducted on approximate 48 industries in FMCG sector states that the primary cause for installing an automated control system and material tracking system is to get real time visibility and accuracy of inventory so that it can efficiently track and trace the system of inventory. Further the report stated that 52 percent of the industries now use bar coded labels so that they can keep a track on their raw materials, goods finished and progress of work. In order to monitor raw materials, finished goods in the current scenario; it is mandatory to avoid accidental shifting of materials. To work in the real ambience the companies require the industry need to instantaneously hold the inventories either on SKU's real time expiration control of inventories .This can prevent the expired inventory allocation from entering the other processes .Hence resulting in downfall in distribution chain (Hutchison & Boxall, 2014) The aim of inventory flow management is to match demand with supply on regular time .There are two main methods to manage the flow of inventory most frequently termed as production push and warehouse pull. Production push is regarded as one of the most traditional technique whereas warehouse pull is the new one. At times the system of pull is much suitable to the requirements of the distribution network and beverage industry as it the exact consumer demand the basis for substituting inventory. But for satisfying the demands of the consumers without further interruption a certain quantity of inventory must be send out of the door. In this case the production pull system works very well. Both distribution and production push works very well (Lislie,   2011) In the inventory management production push process the periodic demand estimation is often converted into the production plan and a production schedule. Further the process of push production is further converted into transportation schedule which allocate the amount for transporting to each and every distribution center based on each forecast. In the production push process, the facilities with respect to the production or other elements involving centralized planning generally control and manage the movement of inventory within its distribution centers and location. The push process is generally introduced in the processes during periods of promotion, when the products are supposed to push out of the production area on assigning basis. In the inventory management warehouse pull process, demand forecast is also responsible for the plan of production and modification in schedule of production   on the basis of inventory substitution taking into account distribution center (Metcalf e, 2002) The system of pull in inventory flow management deals with responding to consumer's demand. Here the consumer is considered as a important factor while deciding the requirement, location and amount of SKU's. The push process generally sends out the materials based on the forecasted demands of the market or blanket allocation. The pull system sends out the materials on the basis of the demands of the distribution centers which are directly dependents on consumer's demand. The pull process works under right time principle so that it can conduct quick and frequent flow of info and goods. The cost cutting is usually maintained by replacing waste such as inventory which stays too long or huge amount of safety stocks. The pull system functions better than pull system as it is able to operate and deal with all the complex scenarios of beverage industry by using the technology at optimal level. The pull system of the inventory management is combined with scheduling of production and planning of resource it facilitates the matching of supplies with the actual customer demands within the supply chain again the reversal of planning information from consumers to suppliers (Randolf, 2009) The FMCG industries are making a drastic change by shifting from push system management to pull system inventory management. At the same time there are various factors involved which will lead to success of pull system in future. On primarily basis the industry should have a general knowledge about the pull system .It employees should have a basic idea on operation and estimation during the entire process (Austin & Seitanidi,   2012.) Secondly it's important for the cross over to have a proper commitment by the team of management and prior support by members in the senior management. Thirdly there should be introduction of performance parameters so that it can be established within the line of objectives in supply chain management .Fourth, all the locations should have timely and accurate info about the demands and quantities of inventory management. Fifth, an accurate estimating and forecasting system should be established and the sales and operation tem should be liable to it equally. Sixth, parameters of operations such as lead times, cycle times, and capacities are often required to understand production, warehousing and transport. Seventh, it is mandatory to have accurate info and good communication to solve the complexity of business by indulging software system and finally transportation is required for scheduling the systems (Finegan, 2001) The main preference of all the employees in the FMCG distribution and manufacturing is to satisfy the demands of the consumer for production. Controlling and monitoring the inventory is done in order to match the consumer's demand by scheduling the transportation and productions in a way which can decrease the usage of resources in a complex and constant balance. In order to manage the shifting of materials throughout the entire distribution centers and processing unit they usually develop the ability to meet the changing demands of business. This is further integrated with right policies, system and production. The management of processes and technology are usually done on the basis industrial practices and further by effective achieving the balance of inventory flow management. This leads to a company's success in today's challenging time. Managing the entire material transportation efficiently throughout the processing tenure and distribution of proper Inventory management is a crucial part of the "Seamless tube "within any respective FMCG company. The common focus of this sector is on customer satisfaction. The main goal of this sector is to produce good quality goods at nominal rates further packaged and delivered according to the latest demands of the consumers. Proper management of the inventory flow management ensures that every customer and supplier has uninterrupted delivery of delicious and fresh products of the FMCG company. This is also regarded as the greatest form of service delivered to customers. The enti re inventory management basically works on this fundamental. 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